LANGUAGE SHIFT, LANGUAGE DEATH/LOSS, and LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE

LANGUAGE  SHIFT

—  Pergeseran Bahasa adalah penggunaan bahasa oleh seorang penutur atau sekelompok penutur yang bisa terjadi sebagai akibat perpindahan dari suatu masyarakat tutur ke masyarakat tutur lain. (Chaer dan Agustina, 2004 : 142)

—  Language shift  is a form of full amount language change. (Jendra, 2010 : 141)

—  Language shift occurs may differ for different individuals and different groups, but gradually  over time the language of the wider society displaces the minority language  mother tongue. (Holmes,2001:52)

Language shift in different  communities

a. Migrant minorities

b. Non-migrant communities

c. Migrant majorities

Factors contributing to language shift

—  Economic and social

—  Political

—  Education

—  Demographic

—  Attitudes and values

Language death and language loss

a. Language death

—  Language death is spoken by fewer people from time to time, and it has no speakers anymore because the speakers have totally shifted to another language ( they live no more). (Jendra, 2010:146)

—  Language death focuses on when all the people who speak a language die, and the language dies with them. (Holmes, 2001:56)

b. Language loss

—  Language loss usually happens in the second generation because the speakers more often use the second language than the mother tongue.

Language Maintenance

—  Language maintenance is when a speech community can maintain or continue using their language from generation to generation. However, some conditions could cause them to shift to another language. (Sandra,2010:144)

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE

—  Larger numbers of speakers

—  Concentration of living

—  Identity and pride of culture

—  Better economic condition

Language revival

—  Language revival is some attempt made to preserve the indigenous language.