List of English and Bahasa Indonesia verbs which have to do with speech

1.      List of English verbs which have to do with speech

Say, suggest, complain, mutter, mumble, murmur, whisper, speak, tell, ask, talk, grumble, mention, answer, sigh, whine, debate, kid, shout, state, swear, exclaim, warn, beg, promise, mock, request

List of  bahasa Indonesia verbs which have to do with speech:

Mengatakan, menasehati, mengeluh, mengomel, menggerutu, berbisik, menceritakan, menanyakan, berbicara, menyebutkan, menjawab, merengek, berdebat, bercanda, berteriak, menyatakan, bersumpah, menyerukan, memperingatkan, meminta, berjanji, mengejek, mengupat, mencela, menyela, mengobrol, berkomat-kamit, memanggil, melarang

The presence and absence of any semantics gaps:

Mengatakan    = say and speak

Menasehati      = suggest

Mengeluh        = complain, sigh

Mengomel/berkomat-kamit     = mumble

Mengerutu       = grumble

Berbisik           = murmur, whisper

What is Semantics?

Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics. Theoretical computer scientists and logicians think about artificial languages. In some areas of computer science, these divisions are crossed. In machine translation, for instance, computer scientists may want to relate natural language texts to abstract representations of their meanings; to do this, they have to design artificial languages for representing meanings.

There are strong connections to philosophy. Earlier in this century, much work in semantics was done by philosophers, and some important work is still done by philosophers.

Anyone who speaks a language has a truly amazing capacity to reason about the meanings of texts. Take, for instance, the sentence

(S) I can't untie that knot with one hand.

Even though you have probably never seen this sentence, you can easily see things like the

Register, Field, Tenor, Mode (Spoken & Written Text)

Register

•         The configuration of semantic resources that the member of culture associates with a situation type. It is the meaning potential that is accessible in a given social context” (Martin, 1992, p. 495).

•         Register refers to context of situation.

•         Context of situation is organized metafunctionally into field, tenor, and mode.

Field

•         Field—the social action: ‘what is actually taking place’—refers to what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place: what is it that the participants are engaged in, in which the language figures as some essential components (Martin, 1992, p 499).

•         In other words, field is one aspect of context of situation discussing what is happening, what is done by participant. It covers the nature of social action.