Creativity and Innovative Language Teaching for Young Learners

Mengajar bahasa Inggris kepada anak-anak bukanlah suatu hal yang sederhana. Perlu teknik dan inovasi dalam pelaksanaannya. Misalnya dengan knocking their heart supaya suasana hati mereka terjaga dan tidak terjadi demotivasi dalam prosesnya. Mimik muka dalam berkomunikasi juga penting (tidak datar) karena positive vibes bisa menular. Mengambil sekelumit teori dari semiotika sosial, kita perlu membaca situasi dan tanda-tanda siswa apakah mereka mengantuk, bersemangat, demotivated, sedih, dll. Anak-anak tidak bisa berpura-pura apakah mereka dalam kondisi senang atau tidak. Maka tugas kita adalah membuat suasana pembelajaran tetap kondusif, misalnya dengan total physical response. Siswa diminta bergerak sejenak, berdiri, mengangkat tangan, dll, supaya menjadi lebih bersemangat. Terlebih, kita tidak dianjurkan hanya berfokus pada LKS dan struktur bahasa. Kita perlu yang namanya multimodal dalam pembelajaran, misalnya dengan ular tangga yang menggambarkan part of body. Siswa diminta untuk menyebutkan apa yang mereka lihat dan tidak terlalu fokus pada kesalahan pengucapan dan penulisan siswa. Untuk media pembelajaran yang lebih inotatif dan berbasis teknologi, guru bisa menggunakan artificial intelligence dari berbagai platform, misalnya tune pocket, suno.com, dll (lebih lengkap lihat di materi ppt).

Note: The words above inspired from the speaker, Dewi Puspitasari, M.Pd, IAIN Gusdur Pekalongan. 

Unduh materi di sini (PPT)

NATIVIST THEORIES (INNATE IDEAS) OF FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

NATIVIST THEORIES (INNATE IDEAS) OF FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

The Nativist Approach

The term nativist is derived from the fundamental assertion that language acquisition is innately determined, that we are born with a genetic capacity that predisposes us to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. Innateness hypotheses gained support from several sides. Eric Lenneberg (1967) proposed that language is a "species-specific" behavior and that certain modes of perception, categorizing abilities, and other language-related mechanisms are biologically determined. Chomsky (1965) similarly claimed the existence of innate properties of language to explain the child's mastery of a native language in such a short time despite the highly abstract nature of the rules of language. This innate knowledge, according to Chomsky, was embodied in a metaphorical "little black box" in the brain, a language acquisition device (LAD). McNeill (1966) described the LAD as consisting of four innate linguistic properties:

Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innateness Ideas

1.      J.L Austin was White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford from 1953 until his early death in 1960. His Philosophical Papers were published in 1961, Sense and Sensi bilia in 1962, and How To Do Things with Words also in 1962. The last -named is a version, not fully completed by Ausrin, of his William James Lectures at Harvard in 1955.

2.      P.F Strawson is Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at Oxford. Among his publications are An Introduction to Logical Theory (1952), Individuals (1959), and The Bounds 0f Sense (J 966). He is the editor of Philosophical Logic in the present series.

3.      J.R searly is a member of the Department of Philosophy of the University of California at BerkeIey. He has contributed many valuable articles to philosophical periodicals, and his book Speech Acts was published in 1969.

4.      H.P Grice, formerly a Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, is now a member of the Department of Philosophy at Berkeley. He was William James Lecturer at Harvard in 1966.

5.      Noam Chomsky, of the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, is perhaps the most influential of contemporary writers on linguistic theory. Among his publications are Syntactic Structures (1957), Current lssues in Linguistic Theory (1964), Aspects 0fthe Theory 0f Syntax (1965), and Cartesian Linguistics (1966). He was John Locke Lecturer in Oxford in 1969.

6.      Jerold. J katz, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is the author of The Problem o/Induction and its Solution (1962), The Philosophy 0f Language (J 966), and of many articles. He edited, with J. A. Fodor, The Structure 0f Language (1964).

7.      Hilary Putnam, of the Department of Philosophy, Harvard University, has written many valuable papers on the philosophy of science and mathematics, as well as on linguistic theory. He edited, with Paul Benacerraf, Philosophy 0f Mathematics: Selected Readings (1964).

8.      Nelson Goodman, of Brandeis University was John Locke Lecturer in Oxford in 1962. Besides many important papers, he is the author of The Structure 0/ Appearance (J 951), Fact, Fiction, and Forecast (1955), and Languages 0/ Art (1968).

USING COMMAS 3

Rewrite the following sentences, placing commas wherever they belong:
1. “Yes” she said ”my name is Mary.”
_____________________________________
2. She was tired of his lying his smoking and his drinking.
_____________________________________
3. Yes that’s exactly what I mean.
_____________________________________
4. “When will it stop raining?” she asked.
_____________________________________
5. Dave responded “It will stop raining soon.”
_____________________________________
6. He was Dutch not Danish.
_____________________________________
7. This however is something completely different.
_____________________________________
8. Laughing joyously the two women drove off into the sunset.
_____________________________________
9. His grandfather a veteran of World War II died last year.
_____________________________________
10. The professor explained the theory well yet most of the students still didn’t understand it.
_____________________________________

ANSWERS:
1. “Yes,” she said, ”my name is Mary.”
2. She was tired of his lying, his smoking, and his drinking.
3. Yes, that’s exactly what I mean.
4. “When will it stop raining?”, she asked.
5. Dave responded, “It will stop raining soon.”
6. He was Dutch, not Danish.
7. This, however, is something completely different.
8. Laughing joyously, the two women drove off into the sunset.
9. His grandfather, a veteran of World War II, died last year.
10. The professor explained the theory well, yet most of his students still didn’t understand it.

USING COMMAS 2

Rewrite the following sentences, placing commas wherever they belong:
1. While it wasn’t great the movie we saw last night wasn’t bad either.
__________________
2. Paula was tired hungry and grumpy.
__________________
3. No that isn’t what I said.
__________________
4. If you lie to your friends they won’t trust you in the future.
__________________
5. It was the Belgians not the French who won the tournament. __________________
6. The current CEO John Williams doesn’t support this course of action. __________________
7. I forgot my wallet at home but I have my bus pass with me. __________________
8. On May 20 1980 the troops captured the city.
__________________
9. He speaks French Italian and German.
__________________
10. Having tried that soup before Rebecca knew it was tasty.
__________________

ANSWERS:
1. While it wasn’t great, the movie we saw last night wasn’t bad either.
2. Paula was tired, hungry, and grumpy.
3. No, that isn’t what I said.
4. If you lie to your friends, they won’t trust you in the future.
5. It was the Belgians, not the French, who won the tournament.
6. The current CEO, John Williams, doesn’t support this course of action.
7. I forgot my wallet at home, but I have my bus pass with me.
8. On May 20, 1980, the troops captured the city.
9. He speaks French, Italian, and German.
10. Having tried that soup before, Rebecca knew it was tasty.

USING COMMAS 1

Rewrite the following sentences, placing commas wherever they belong:
1. He likes to eat apples oranges and bananas.
__________________
2. Having spoken to him earlier I was not surprised to hear the news.
__________________
3. This dish when prepared correctly is very tasty.
__________________
4. We enjoy sailing but we enjoy swimming even more.
__________________
5. Robert the son of the painter is 35 years old.
__________________
6. Although we didn’t arrive on time they still let us in.
__________________
7. I was born and raised in Los Angeles California.
__________________
8. He was a cruel heartless man.
__________________
9. Weren’t your parents from Portland Oregon?
__________________
10. Steve was born on June 26 1985.
__________________

Topic: USING COMMAS 1 | Level: INTERMEDIATE/ADVANCED
ANSWERS:
1. He likes to eat apples, oranges, and bananas.
2. Having spoken to him earlier, I was not surprised to hear the news.
3. This dish, when prepared correctly, is very tasty.
4. We enjoy sailing, but we enjoy swimming even more.
5. Robert, the son of the painter, is 35 years old.
6. Although we didn’t arrive on time, they still let us in.
7. I was born and raised in Los Angeles, California.
8. He was a cruel, heartless man.
9. Weren’t your parents from Portland, Oregon?
10. Steve was born on June 26, 1985.

WHOLE or ALL?

Fill in each blank space with the correct response.
1. I've been waiting for you my _______ life.
a) whole b) all
2. _______ my life I've been waiting for you.
a) Whole b) All
3. The storm destroyed _______ neighborhoods of the city.
a) all b) whole
4. She spent _______ day with her new boyfriend.
a) the whole b) all the
5. The _______ time she was in France, she never bought a baguette.
a) whole b) all
6. He thinks that _______ the people in this city are poor.
a) whole b) all
7. _______ town was destroyed by the tornado.
a) All b) The whole
8. I can't believe I ate _______ salad.
a) the all b) the whole
9. I can't believe that I ate _______ strawberries.
a) all the b) the whole
10. I've traveled across _______ Germany.
a) all of b) whole of


ANSWERS: 1)whole 2)All 3)whole 4)the whole 5)whole 6)all 7)The whole 8)the whole
9)all the 10)all of

SOME or ANY? (part 2)

Fill in each blank space with the correct response.
1. Go buy ________ milk!
a) some b) any
2. I didn't see ________ that I knew at the party.
a) someone b) anyone
3. ________ told me that she had a boyfriend.
a) Someone b) Anyone
4. I wonder if ________ will show up at the meeting.
a) someone b) anyone
5. I met her _____ time last summer.
a) some b) any
6. ________ reason why you're so upset?
a) Some b) Any
7. I don't feel like going ________.
a) somewhere b) anywhere
8. It's difficult to live without ________ money whatsoever.
a) some b) any
9. I ran into ________ that I didn't want to see.
a) someone b) anyone
10. This test is so easy that ________ can pass it.
a) someone b) anyone

ANSWERS: 1)some 2)anyone 3)Someone 4)anyone 5)some 6)Any 7)anywhere 8)any 9)someone 10)anyone

Which verb: DO or MAKE?

Choose the correct verb for each sentence:
1. He always _____ his homework on time.
a) does b) makes
2. It's pretty hard to _____ breakfast for 10 people.
a) do b) make
3. My husband is a lawyer and he _____ a lot of money
a) does b) makes
4. I have to _____ my taxes soon.
a) do b) make
5. It was pretty easy for me to _____ a decision about where to go to university.
a) do b) make
6. You should always try to _____ your job well.
a) do b) make
7. You _____ three mistakes on your test.
a) did b) made
8. The hurricane _____ a lot of damage.
a) did b) made
9. Octavio has _____ a lot of progress at school.
a) did b) made
10. I need to go out and _____ some shopping.
a) do b) make

ANSWERS:
1)a 2)b 3)b 4)a 5)a 6)a 7)b 8)a 9)b 10)a

DID or MADE?

topic: DID or MADE?
Fill in each blank space with the correct response.
1. James _____ his homework yesterday.
a) did b) made
2. Mary ______ the dishes after breakfast today.
a) did b) made
3. My brother ______ the beds this morning.
a) did b) made
4. I called the doctor and ______ an appointment for Tuesday
evening.
a) did b) made
5. I ______ a cake for your birthday!
a) did b) made
6. I ______ the exercises you gave me - would you like to check
them?
a) did b) made
7. Fiona ______ a good job helping us clean up.
a) did b) made
8. I felt really bad when I ______ that mistake in class today.
a) did b) made
9. The babysitter ______ the phone call around 5 PM.
a) did b) made
10. She washed the clothes but her husband ______ the ironing.
a) did b) made

ANSWERS: 1)did 2)did 3)made 4)made 5)made 6)did 7)did 8)made 9)made 10)did

Using any and some for beginner

topic: SOME or ANY?
Fill in each blank space with the correct response.
1. I went to the tourist office to get _____ information.
a) some b) any
2. The woman said they didn't have _____ more applications.
a) some b) any
3. _____ called you last night.
a) Someone b) Anyone
4. I need _____ time to think about this.
a) some b) any
5. _____ day we'll be together.
a) Some b) Any
6. Is there _____ evidence that he's guilty?
a) some b) any
7. I haven't seen her for _____ time now.
a) some b) any
8. Our order is due to arrive _____ day now.
a) some b) any
9. Have you seen my notebook? I can't find it _____.
a) somewhere b) anywhere
10. I haven't shown you _____ of my photos yet.
a) some b) any

ANSWERS: 1)some 2)any 3)Someone 4)some 5)Some 6)any 7)some 8)any 9)anywhere 10)any

Using the Verb "To be" (beginner)

Example: I (be) am happy.
1) I (be) _____ tired.
2) I (be) _____ hungry.
3) I (be) _____ late!
Example:
You / We / They (be) are happy.
7) You (be) _____ nice.
8) We (be) _____ sleepy.
9) They (be) _____ funny.
Example: He / She / It (be) is happy.
4) He (be) _____ cool.
5) She (be) _____ pretty.

IDENTIFYING DANGLING MODIFIERS 3

Topic: IDENTIFYING DANGLING MODIFIERS 3 | Level: ADVANCED Choose whether each of the following sentences is CORRECT, or whether it has a DANGLING MODIFIER:
1. Unable to bake the bread herself, Rebecca's grandmother had to show her how to do it.
DANGLING MODIFIER______
2. Saddened by the news, my mother had to comfort me.
_______________________
3. Happy about his promotion, John whistled all the way home.
_______________________
4. While speaking to the police officer, the phone rang.
_______________________
5. While I was speaking to the police officer, the phone rang.
_______________________
6. Having sampled some great food, I was content.
_______________________
7. Having failed the test, the teacher helped her prepare for the next one.
_______________________
8. Having failed the test, Mary asked the teacher to help her prepare for the next one.
_______________________
9. Tired from running, Tom took a shower.
_______________________
10. While biking around town, many dogs barked at me.
_______________________

ANSWERS: 1. DANGLING MODIFIER 2. DANGLING MODIFIER 3. CORRECT 4. DANGLING MODIFIER 5. CORRECT
6. CORRECT
7. DANGLING MODIFIER
8. CORRECT 9. CORRECT
10. DANGLING MODIFIER

IDENTIFYING DANGLING MODIFIERS 2

Topic: IDENTIFYING DANGLING MODIFIERS 2 | Level: ADVANCED Choose whether each of the following sentences is CORRECT, or whether it has a DANGLING MODIFIER: 1. Walking back from the bar, my wallet fell out of my pocket.
DANGLING MODIFIER_______
2. While trying to type an important email, my cat kept begging me for food. ________________________ 3. While I was trying to type an important email, my cat kept begging me for food. ________________________ 4. Having run out of gas, my parents drove over to pick me up. ________________________ 5. Having run out of gas, I called my parents to come pick me up. ________________________ 6. While driving along the coast, the waves seemed remarkably calm. ________________________ 7. While driving along the coast, the mountains to my right seemed higher than I had remembered. ________________________ 8. After washing the car, the windshield shone like new. ________________________ 9. Having entered the theater, I found the music to be overwhelming. ________________________ 10. After seeing her again, my brother realized that he was in love with her. ________________________

ANSWERS: 1. DANGLING MODIFIER 2. DANGLING MODIFIER 3. CORRECT 4. DANGLING MODIFIER 5. CORRECT 6. DANGLING MODIFIER 7. DANGLING MODIFIER 8. DANGLING MODIFIER 9. CORRECT 10.CORRECT

IDENTIFYING DANGLING MODIFIERS 1

Topic: IDENTIFYING DANGLING MODIFIERS 1 | Level: ADVANCED
Choose whether each of the following sentences is CORRECT, or whether it has a DANGLING MODIFIER:
1. Unlike many other students, the financial aid office did not approve his application.
DANGLING MODIFIER_____
2. Unlike many other students, Jim didn't have any problems with his teachers.
______________________
3. Having learned Spanish in just three months, the stay in Mexico was a success.
______________________
4. Having learned French in just three months, Paul was as happy as he could be.
______________________
5. Drinking a beer, the feeling was a familiar one.
______________________
6. While watching a movie, people who talk loudly are really annoying.
______________________
7. While listening to the radio, one should always make sure that the volume is not too loud.
______________________
8. At the age of sixteen, I moved back to California.
______________________
9. Looking over the student's exam, several mistakes became evident right away.
______________________
10. Looking over the student's exam, the professor noticed several mistakes.
______________________

ANSWERS:
1. DANGLING MODIFIER
2. CORRECT
3. DANGLING MODIFIER
4. CORRECT
5. DANGLING MODIFIER
6. DANGLING MODIFIER
7. CORRECT
8. CORRECT
9. DANGLING MODIFIER
10. CORRECT

practicing Capitalization in English (part3)

Topic: CAPITALIZATION IN ENGLISH 3 | Level: ADVANCED
Rewrite each of the following sentences using correct capitalization:
1. these are my favorite colors: blue, red, and pink.
2. did you speak with mr. richardson?
3. he was reading the bible.
4. both christmas and new year's eve are in december.
5. he was one of the most famous writers of the sixteenth century.
6. he bought me a coke.
7. would you like some french fries?
8. he grew up in the southeastern part of missouri.
9. in basketball news, the lakers beat the celtics again.
10. he received a bachelor's degree from the university of colorado.

ANSWERS:
1. These are my favorite colors: blue, red, and pink.
2. Did you speak with Mr. Richardson?
3. He was reading the Bible.
4. Both Christmas and New Year's Eve are in December.
5. He was one of the most famous writers of the sixteenth century.
6. He bought me a Coke.
7. Would you like some french fries?
8. He grew up in the southeastern part of Missouri.
9. In basketball news, the Lakers beat the Celtics again.
10. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Colorado.

practicing Capitalization in English (part2)

Topic: CAPITALIZATION IN ENGLISH 2 | Level: ADVANCED Rewrite each of the following sentences using correct capitalization:
1. he was born in new york city.
2. his parents were from kalamazoo, michigan.
3. when we were in washington, we saw president obama.
4. the senator was talking to the president.
5. he was examined by dr. jones.
6. many good american writers come from the south.
7. go south for three blocks, then turn right.
8. they have a cottage on lake michigan.
9. my favorite book is “the fellowship of the ring”.
10. fbi stands for “federal bureau of investigation”.

Topic: CAPITALIZATION IN ENGLISH 2 | Level: ADVANCED Rewrite each of the following sentences using correct capitalization:
1. he was born in new york city.
2. his parents were from kalamazoo, michigan.
3. when we were in washington, we saw president obama.
4. the senator was talking to the president.
5. he was examined by dr. jones.
6. many good american writers come from the south.
7. go south for three blocks, then turn right.
8. they have a cottage on lake michigan.
9. my favorite book is “the fellowship of the ring”.
10. fbi stands for “federal bureau of investigation”.

practicing Capitalization in English (part1)

Topic: CAPITALIZATION IN ENGLISH 1 | Level: ADVANCED
Rewrite each of the following sentences using correct capitalization:
1. we saw the brooklyn bridge.
2. we’re going to germany in june.
3. we spent our holidays in the dominican republic.
4. i’m starting my job in may.
5. we often go to the beach in the summer.
6. i love learning french.
7. the jamaican man was cooking dinner.
8. i’m pretty bad at math.
9. one of the courses that i have to take this year is “math 3”.
10. i saw senator brown in the lobby.

ANSWERS:
1. We saw the Brooklyn Bridge.
2. We're going to Germany in June.
3. We spent our holidays in the Dominican Republic.
4. I'm starting my job in May.
5. We often go to the beach in the summer.
6. I love learning French.
7. The Jamaican man was cooking dinner.
8. I'm pretty bad at math.
9. One of the courses that I have to take next year is "Math 3".
10. I saw Senator Brown in the lobby

Let's practice preposition after adjectives (part3)

TOPIC: Prepositions after adjectives 3 | LEVEL: Intermediate/Advanced
Fill in each blank with the correct preposition:
1. I don't remember names well = I'm not good ________________ names.
a) with b) in c) around
2. He's really tired ________________ being told what to do.
a) of b) at c) with
3. I'm sorry. It was stupid ________________ me to have said that.
a) on b) 1 and 3 c) of
4. The students are bored ________________ his exercises.
a) of b) 1 and 3 c) with
5. Are you excited ________________ your trip?
a) with b) on c) about
6. Don't be frightened _______________ him. He's harmless.
a) of b) at c) about
7. I'm a little short ________________ cash these days.
a) on b) in c) with
8. This version is different ________________ the one I saw yesterday.
a) of b) in c) from
9. Are you surprised _______________ the outcome of the game?

Let's practice preposition after adjectives (part2)

topic: PREPOSITIONS AFTER ADJECTIVES 2 Choose the best preposition to use in each of the sentences:
1. Don't be cruel ________________ him.
a) to b) at c) for
2. I'm not being cruel! I'm always nice ________________ him.
a) at b) to c) for
3. I'm furious ( = very angry) with him ________________ doing this!
a) for b) around c) at
4. She's not worried _______________ her test.
a) for b) with c) about
5. Your brother is really good ________________ tennis.
a) with b) on c) at
6. Who is responsible _______________ this mess?
a) for b) about c) in
7. Rome is beautiful, but it's always crowded _______________ tourists.
a) among b) with c) by
8. I'm ashamed ________________ what I did.
a) with b) of c) in
9. I'm not really interested _______________ this kind of music.